The Roman Empire was the most expansive and powerful of the ancient world, and its cultural productions, architectural forms, social and legal structures, and language has indelibly marked the Western world as we know it today. The empire dates from 753, with the establishment of the city of Rome in Italy. The early monarchy gave rise to the Roman Republic, established in 509 BCE. The early Roman Empire dates to 27 BCE and the rule of Augustus, followed by the High Empire of 96-192 CE. The Late Empire, 193-337 CE, came to an end when Constantine, the first Christian emperor, moved the capital of the Empire from Rome to Constantinople. At its height, the Roman Empire spanned three continents, and its former territory is marked by monumental works of art, architecture, and engineering still visible today. Roman sculptors were avid followers of the Ancient Greeks, though they developed a distinctive realist style. Early Roman architecture blended forms from the Etruscans and the Greeks, but the Romans were above all architectural innovators, using concrete on a monumental scale, exploiting the structural possibilities of the arch, vault, and dome, and developing building types such as the basilica and amphitheater.
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